The early history of the Bulgars in Europe has yet to be discovered. More than a few mentions must be left by medieval historians to cover their political history or spiritual and material culture. Many of the issues related to them have never been resolved positively. What does their name mean? Where do they come from in Europe? What language did they speak? Archaeology also needs help to fill the gaps in our knowledge. Being nomads, Bulgarians were archaeologically invisible until the 8th century. The Bulgarian diaspora stretches from the Middle Volga through the Ponto-Caspian steppes to the Balkan Peninsula, Central Europe and Italy. It seems that parts of the “Gens Bulgarorum” participated in the ethnogenesis of several European nations in the early Middle Ages, leaving no trace. Typical of many nomadic tribes. But is that the case? Unlike many other Eurasian nomads, Bulgars have a unique culture: they use an archaic type of Runifo...